Nationalism

**ELEMENTS OF NATIONALISM** :  - Culture   - History   - Language   - Religion   - Territory **Giuseppe Mazzini wrote that Italians were fighting for "the eternal right which God has implanted in the peoples, that of appreciating and defining themselves their own life, and governing themselves in accordance with their own appreciation of it."**
 * Stanford University defines Nationalism as......the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, common origin, ethnicity, cultural ties,the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve or sustain self-determination which means having full authority of the nation in domestic and foreign affairs.**

**ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS**: **Who is in and who is out? Who defines which people belong in a national society? ** The map shows all the countries that are undergoing the rise of Nationalism. **Why did a strong sense of nationalism begin in Europe before other parts of the world? ** A strong sense of nationalism began in Europe before other parts of the world because countries in Europe had to overcome many different obstacles to bring forth a better place. After all the years of trouble, they were finally able to unite. Nationalism benefited the countries because now they were working together to improve things instead of working against each other. ** Was the artist a supporter of the Red Shirts' cause? How can you tell? ** This artist was a supporter of the Red Shirts' cause because the people in red shirts are the most prominent in this painting. It shows that those in the red shirts were dominating their enemies. They look brave and determined to fight for what they believe in. **What do Sardinia, Austria, & France have to do with Italian reunification?**  France supports Italy's quest for freedom from Austria's rule because Italy has helped them gain some territories back. Austria is involved in Italy's state governments but Italy no longer wants them to be in control. Sardinia was the first Italian state to gain independence from Austria's rule. **DEFINITIONS**: **Giuseppe Mazzini**: Italian patriot; he formed the nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for the unification of the separate Italian states into one nation. **Camilo di Cavour**: Italian statesman and premier of the kingdom of Sardinia; architect of the Italian unification movement in the late 1800s. **Giuseppe Garibaldi**: Italian military and nationalist leader; he unified the southern states of Italy and joined them to the north to form the united Kingdom of Italy. **Victor Emmanuel**: (1820–1878) King of Sardinia-Piedmont from 1849 to 1861 and king of Italy from 1861 to 1878; he was the first king of a united Italy. **Red Shirts**: Army of volunteer troops led by Giuseppe Garibaldi; in 1860 they attacked the island of Sicily and won it for the Italians. **Il Risorgimento** : A nationalist newspaper found by Cavour. Means “resurgence” or “rebirth.” The movement for Italian unification and freedom from Austrian control also became known as Il Risorgimento. [|Path Towards Unity: Chapter 10.1]
 * Does nationalism unite or divide?** Nationalism is meant to give people a sense of pride in their country. It is suppose to unite the country as a whole. However, nationalism can cause a division between different countries because they become to believe that their country is better.


 * Analyze the Unification Map of Italy & Explain Italian reunification in your own words.** The route that Garibaldi took was a great strategy to annex territory of the Italian states. He started from Sardinia, which was the first Italian state to be independent from Austria, and headed to Tuscany, then after headed for Sicily and traveled North. Which each state being annexed, Italy was becoming reunified. The sense of Nationalism spread throughout Italian territories!  Italy was unified before the Congress of Vienna. Under Napoleon's rule, Italy was unified but once he was taken out of power, boundaries were given and Austria had gained control of the Italian states. Italy needed be reunified again which is why this event took place. To restore the country that it had once been.

** Identify the causes & effects of Italian Reunification - create a chart for your response. ** → Mazzini and Young Italy smuggled Italian pamphlets to inspire uprisings against Austria. → Covour become Prime Minister of Sardinia → Garibaldi is exhiled to South America. → Garibaldi returns to Italy and leads the the army against Austria || * **Supports France in war w/ Russia > France becomes a powerful ally to Sardinia and supports rebellion against Austria ** **Investigate - what happened to Garibaldi after the reunification?- cite your source(s) in your summarizing paragraph.** After the reunification of Italy, Garibaldi returned to Caprera, which is northeast of Sardinia, to settle down. He was no longer politically associated with Mazzini and formed a alliance with Victor Emmanuel II, the king of Sardinia, and Conte Camillo Benso di Cavour which was his premier. Garibaldi was for the most part very popular with the people and had many followers. Many italians gave their allegiance to the Sardinian monarch. **SOURCE**: http://www.arcaini.com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm media type="youtube" key="YBZ-JDpQyu0" height="360" width="640" - Was Cavour upset that Napoleon no longer wanted to assist him? - Napoleon's withdrawal must have angered Cavour but it was necessary. - The treaty that was made with Austria was necessary for peace or else Napoleon would have been faced with many problems. || **GERMAN NATIONALISM** **What factors influence Prussia's rise to power over the other "Lesser German" states rather than Austria?** Prussia wanted to rise to power over the other "Lesser German" states rather than Austria mainly because they had the power to do so. The German states were not powerful own their own and Prussia could easily take control from Austria. **Napoleon I nurtured German Nationalism? Explain how that could be!** Napoleon had nurtured nationalism when he united the German states into a confederation. Following Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, the leaders at the Congress of Vienna retained that organization but renamed it the German Confederation. Thus, a group of 39 separate states with a common language and culture was poised for the movement to unite.
 * CAUSES OF ITALIAN REUNIFICATION || EFFECTS OF ITALIAN REUNIFICATION ||
 * → Stronger desire for Nationalism
 * **Guerrilla tactics are used to help in their fight with Austria **
 * **Territory of Lombardy is taken by the Italians ** ||
 * **COMMENTS/QUESTIONS/CONNECTIONS/PREDICTIONS** ||
 * - Why did Napoleon want to be associated with Cavour when he was unsure?
 * Summarizing** - For centuries, Italians had been divided into smaller states(see map above or p.314 in your text)?. Why did Italians feel the need to unify? Where did the motivation come from? What are your predictions about Italy as an economic power in the future(see map. 252 before you answer)? Italian's felt the need to unify because by unifying, they would become stronger. The motivation came from the sense of nationalism that rose. I predict that the Italy will become an economic power because since they are now combined, the states benefit from each other for agriculture and industrial products. Being independent from Austria has let them become their own.

**How did the 1848 Revolution affect Prussia?** As revolution swept through Europe in 1848, German liberals in the state of Prussia also took the opportunity to revolt. Though liberals differed over whether to support a republic or a constitutional monarchy, they agreed that German unity would promote individual rights and liberal reforms. **What was the importance of the Zollverein and how could you compare it to a modern organization/association?** Another early step toward creating a unified Germany was an economic alliance between some of the German states. Created in 1834, the Zollverein, or customs union, allowed for the removal of tariffs, or taxes, on products traded between the German states. The Zollverein inspired businesspeople to support unification and encouraged the growth of railroads connecting the German states. It also helped join Germans economically, if not yet politically, to each other. By 1844 the Zollverein included almost all of the German states. "Prussia must build up and preserve her strength for the favorable moment which has already come and gone many times. Her borders under the treaties of Vienna are not favorable to the healthy existence of the state. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron." —Otto von Bismarck, quoted in The Origins of the Wars of German Unification, by William Carr  - Creation of reforms - France was a threat - Austria was in the way. ||= - Health benefits that provided for accidents, pedestrians, and those who had a disability. - Allied with a number of other European nations. - Having the Germans agree with his views and actions taken. ||
 * = Bismark's Problems ||= Bismark's Solutions ||
 * = - Rise of socialism

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